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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to assist in the development of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are specified in [AI](https://2t-s.com) research, making published research study more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a simple interface for communicating with these environments. In 2022, new developments of Gym have been transferred to the [library Gymnasium](https://soundfy.ebamix.com.br). [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for support learning (RL) research study on video games [147] using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on enhancing agents to [solve single](https://alldogssportspark.com) tasks. Gym Retro provides the ability to generalize between video games with comparable ideas however various looks.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic agents initially lack knowledge of how to even walk, but are provided the goals of finding out to move and to press the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial learning procedure, the [representatives discover](https://dev.yayprint.com) how to adapt to altering conditions. When a representative is then eliminated from this virtual environment and put in a new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to stabilize in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competitors in between agents might develop an intelligence "arms race" that might increase a representative's capability to function even outside the context of the competitors. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a group of five OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five video game Dota 2, that find out to play against human gamers at a high ability level totally through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, [forum.altaycoins.com](http://forum.altaycoins.com/profile.php?id=1074855) the first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the yearly best champion competition for the video game, where Dendi, a professional Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live individually match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had actually discovered by playing against itself for 2 weeks of actual time, [systemcheck-wiki.de](https://systemcheck-wiki.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:MattieGuinn) which the knowing software was an action in the direction of developing software application that can deal with intricate jobs like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a type of support knowing, as the bots find out in time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots expanded to play together as a complete team of 5, and they had the ability to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two [exhibition matches](https://earlyyearsjob.com) against expert players, however ended up losing both games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the ruling world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in [San Francisco](https://jobsleed.com). [163] [164] The bots' last public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total video games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot player reveals the challenges of [AI](https://www.hyxjzh.cn:13000) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) [video games](https://right-fit.co.uk) and how OpenAI Five has actually shown making use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) representatives to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to control physical objects. [167] It discovers completely in simulation utilizing the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. [OpenAI dealt](https://wiki.lspace.org) with the object orientation issue by [utilizing domain](https://jobs.but.co.id) randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking cameras, also has RGB electronic cameras to allow the robot to control an approximate things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI [demonstrated](http://www5f.biglobe.ne.jp) that Dactyl might fix a [Rubik's Cube](http://8.141.83.2233000). The robot had the ability to fix the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce intricate [physics](https://meet.globalworshipcenter.com) that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the toughness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation method of [producing progressively](https://tube.leadstrium.com) more hard environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to specify randomization varieties. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI revealed a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing brand-new [AI](http://220.134.104.92:8088) designs developed by OpenAI" to let developers get in touch with it for "any English language [AI](http://dancelover.tv) task". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The business has actually promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's initial GPT model ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It showed how a generative design of language might obtain world understanding and process long-range reliances by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language model and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only minimal demonstrative variations initially launched to the general public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not right away launched due to issue about potential misuse, consisting of applications for writing fake news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 positioned a substantial hazard.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to detect "neural phony news". [175] Other scientists, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the innovation to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would hush all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the complete variation of the GPT-2 language model. [177] Several sites host interactive demonstrations of various instances of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language models to be general-purpose students, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining modern accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not more trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was [trained](https://tenacrebooks.com) on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 [upvotes](https://my.beninwebtv.com). It prevents certain problems encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and [multiple-character tokens](https://talento50zaragoza.com). [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI mentioned that the complete version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] two orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the full variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million specifications were likewise trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" jobs and might generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of [translation](http://christianpedia.com) and cross-linguistic transfer knowing between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 drastically enhanced benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language models might be approaching or coming across the essential capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, [compared](https://plamosoku.com) to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained design was not instantly launched to the public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month totally free private beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was certified specifically to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](http://118.195.226.124:9000) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was launched in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the model can produce working code in over a lots shows languages, the majority of efficiently in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several issues with glitches, design defects and security vulnerabilities were cited. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has actually been accused of discharging copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI announced that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), [it-viking.ch](http://it-viking.ch/index.php/User:LillieYup4258164) efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could likewise check out, examine or generate approximately 25,000 words of text, and write code in all significant shows languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, [bytes-the-dust.com](https://bytes-the-dust.com/index.php/User:EllisHan8503) with the caution that GPT-4 [retained](https://support.mlone.ai) a few of the issues with earlier modifications. [201] GPT-4 is also capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has actually decreased to expose various [technical details](http://www.carnevalecommunity.it) and stats about GPT-4, such as the accurate size of the design. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced outcomes in voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting brand-new records in audio speech recognition and [translation](https://git.visualartists.ru). [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for [demo.qkseo.in](http://demo.qkseo.in/profile.php?id=999232) GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially useful for business, start-ups and developers looking for to automate services with [AI](http://81.71.148.57:8080) agents. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1 and o1-mini designs, which have actually been created to take more time to consider their actions, resulting in greater precision. These models are especially efficient in science, coding, and thinking jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, [OpenAI revealed](https://tocgitlab.laiye.com) o3, the follower of the o1 thinking design. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and quicker version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and [security researchers](http://1.15.187.67) had the opportunity to obtain early access to these models. [214] The model is called o3 instead of o2 to prevent confusion with telecommunications [services company](https://bphomesteading.com) O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research study<br> |
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<br>Deep research is a representative developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform comprehensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools enabled, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120] |
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<br>Image classification<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>[Revealed](http://git.zthymaoyi.com) in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic similarity between text and images. It can notably be used for image classification. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that [develops](https://pakalljobs.live) images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to analyze natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag formed like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can develop images of realistic items ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") in addition to objects that do not exist in [reality](https://africasfaces.com) ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the design with more realistic outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new primary system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful design much better able to generate images from complex descriptions without manual timely engineering and render complex details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can create videos based upon brief detailed [triggers](http://125.ps-lessons.ru) [223] in addition to extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can produce videos with [resolution](https://jobs.askpyramid.com) as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of created videos is unknown.<br> |
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<br>Sora's development group called it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "unlimited creative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image design. [225] OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos accredited for that function, but did not expose the number or the exact sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created high-definition videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could create videos up to one minute long. It also shared a [technical report](http://hanbitoffice.com) highlighting the techniques used to train the model, and the design's abilities. [225] It acknowledged some of its imperfections, including struggles replicating complicated physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "outstanding", but kept in mind that they should have been cherry-picked and may not represent Sora's typical output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demonstration, significant entertainment-industry figures have shown significant interest in the innovation's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry expressed his astonishment at the technology's capability to generate reasonable video from text descriptions, mentioning its potential to reinvent storytelling and content [production](https://wiki.roboco.co). He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had actually decided to pause plans for expanding his Atlanta-based movie studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment design. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of [diverse audio](http://jialcheerful.club3000) and is also a multi-task model that can carry out multilingual speech acknowledgment as well as speech translation and language recognition. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to forecast subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can generate songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune produced by [MuseNet](https://git.runsimon.com) tends to begin fairly but then fall under mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the web mental thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI mentioned the songs "show local musical coherence [and] follow conventional chord patterns" however acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that duplicate" which "there is a substantial space" in between [Jukebox](http://www.litehome.top) and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's highly excellent, even if the results seem like mushy versions of songs that may feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "surprisingly, some of the resulting tunes are appealing and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI introduced the Debate Game, which teaches machines to dispute toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a technique might help in auditing [AI](http://dibodating.com) decisions and in developing explainable [AI](https://nojoom.net). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and nerve cell of eight neural network models which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] [Microscope](http://112.74.93.6622234) was produced to analyze the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, various versions of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an expert system tool built on top of GPT-3 that offers a conversational user interface that permits users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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